The Impact of Diet on the Involvement of Non-Coding RNAs, Extracellular Vesicles, and Gut Microbiome-Virome in Colorectal Cancer Initiation and Progression
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Date
2020-12-14
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Publisher
Front. Oncol
Abstract
Cancer is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world today. The third most
common cancer and which is most diet related is colorectal cancer (CRC). Although there
is complexity and limited understanding in the link between diet and CRC, the
advancement in research methods have demonstrated the involvement of non-coding
RNAs (ncRNAs) as key regulators of gene expression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) which are a
class of ncRNAs are key players in cancer related pathways in the context of dietary
modulation. The involvement of ncRNA in cancer progression has recently been clarified
throughout the last decade. ncRNAs are involved in biological processes relating to tumor
onset and progression. The advances in research have given insights into cell to cell
communication, by highlighting the pivotal involvement of extracellular vesicle (EV)
associated-ncRNAs in tumorigenesis. The abundance and stability of EV associated
ncRNAs act as a new diagnostic and therapeutic target for cancer. The understanding of
the deranging of these molecules in cancer can give access to modulating the expression
of the ncRNAs, thereby influencing the cancer phenotype. Food derived exosomes/
vesicles (FDE) are gaining interest in the implication of exosomes in cell-cell
communication with little or no understanding to date on the role FDE plays. There are
resident microbiota in the colon; to which the imbalance in the normal intestinal
occurrence leads to chronic inflammation and the production of carcinogenic
metabolites that lead to neoplasm. Limited studies have shown the implication of
various types of microbiome in CRC incidence, without particular emphasis on fungi
and protozoa. This review discusses important dietary factors in relation to the expression
of EV-associated ncRNAs in CRC, the impact of diet on the colon ecosystem with
particular emphasis on molecular mechanisms of interactions in the ecosystem, the influence of homeostasis regulators such as glutathione, and its conjugating enzymeglutathione S-transferase (GST) polymorphism on intestinal ecosystem, oxidative stress
response, and its relationship to DNA adduct fighting enzyme-0-6-methylguanine-DNA
methyltransferase. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms and interaction in the
intestinal ecosystem will inform on the diagnostic, preventive and prognosis as well as
treatment of CRC
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Keywords
diet, ncRNAs, extracellular vesicles, cancer prevention, colorectal cancer, microbiome, GSH, MGMT, Digital Development, Nigeria, Covenant University, CAPiC, ACE: Applied Informatics and Communication, Anu R. I, Attia M. Elbehi