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Item Study of Mass and Energy Yields of an Agroforestry Residues Carbonizer(International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 2021-11) Nouhou, Doulla Seydou; Ali, Aboubacar; Ibrahim, Harouna GadoEnergy recovery from processing wastes of agricultural products is a solution to their management issues and a means of energy production. In addition, it contributes to the reduction of deforestation. The objective of this study is to develop a method of agroforestry residues carbonization. The residues used to consist of the shell of the doum palm (hyphaenethebaica) and the rice husk. Carbonization is in partial combustion, and the device used is a metal furnace made up of three (3) stages. The peaks of temperatures, mass and energy yields, and the quality of the coal (fixed carbon rate) were determined at each stage of the carbonized. The mass yields obtained for stages 3, 2, and 1 are 66.41%, 42.60%, and 21.57% for the shell of the doum palm and 46.94%, 67.19% 24.83% for the rice husk. The energy yields are 82.41%, 57.05%, and 30.97% for the shell of the doum palm and 56.1%, 74.58%, and 26.66% for the rice husk. The coal quality (fixed carbon rate) for the same stages 3, 2, and 1 is 35.32%, 44.42%, and 52.32% for the shell of the doum palm and 32.55%, 30, 43%, and 30.75% for the rice husk. The cycle time is 9.03h for the shell of the doum palm against 11.22h for the rice husk. This study shows that the shell of the doum palm produces better quality charcoal compared to the rice husk and that the charcoal obtained at stage 1 ( ) can be used not only for gasification but also for direct home use.Item Rotifers in the Niger River, Niger: diversity and abundance in relation to environmental parameters(African Journal of Aquatic Science, 2021-01-26) Adamou, H Souley; Alhou, B; Tackx, MA first study of the rotifers of the Niger River in Niger is reported here. Two surveys took place under contrasting hydrological conditions: low-water level (16 April to 8 May 2018) and high-water level (1 to 15 February 2019). Zooplankton and physico-chemical parameters were sampled at eight stations spread over 520 km from Ayorou to Gaya. In total, 32 taxa were identified, including 26 at species level. During the low-water sampling, Polyarthra sp. (31%), Brachionus caudatus (23%), Synchaeta longipes (11%), Keratella tropica (7%) and Filinia longiseta (5%) were the most abundant, whereas Brachionus quadridentatu s (26%), Lecane hastata (25%), Keratella cochlearis (9%), Keratella lunaris (5%), Hexarthra sp. (3%) were dominant during the high-water sampling. The mean abundance of rotifers ranged between 14 × 103 ind. m−3 during the high-water sampling and 244 × 103 ind. m−3 during the low-water sampling. The highest diversity was observed in the three stations located upstream from the city of Niamey. The results reflect the difference in environmental parameters between the downstream and upstream Niamey stations. RDA analyses showed that the main environmental factors explaining the distribution of rotifers were dissolved oxygen, orthophosphate and nitrate concentrations.Item Optimization study of the physical parameters of clays from three (3) quarries in the region of MARADI, Niger(2020-02) Garba, Salifou; Ali, Aboubacar; Boukar, MakintaThis article focuses on the determination of the physical parameters of three (3) clay quarries located in the region of MARADI the Republic of Niger. These quarries are in the cities of MARADAWA, JIRATAWA and KABAWA. The parameters to be determined are: water content, particle size, ATTERBERG limits, compressive shear, compressibility and water permeability (porosity). Studies have shown that clays in KABAWA and JIRATAWA quarries are weakly compressible with respective liquidity limits of 31.4 and 36.3. The clay of the quarry of MARADAWA is, for its part, very compressible with a liquidity limit of 55.6. The plasticity index of these three soils is between 14.3 and 26.4 while the void number is between 0.271 and 0.647. As a result, these soils are plastic. JIRATAWA and KABAWA soils are more permeable to water than MARADAWA. We also find that the MARADAWA soil is more resistant to mechanical stress than those of JIRATAWA and KABAWA. All three clays are suitable for use in building construction and pottery.Item Bacterial communities associated with the midgut microbiota of wild Anopheles gambiae complex in Burkina Faso(Springer Nature, 2019-10) Azaque Zoure, Abdou; Abdoul Sare, Razack; Yameogo, FélixPlasmodium falciparum is transmitted by mosquitoes from the Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l) species complex and is responsible for severe forms of malaria. The composition of the mosquitoes’ microbiota plays a role in P. falciparum trans mission, so we studied midgut bacterial communities of An. gambiae s.l from Burkina Faso. DNA was extracted from 17 pools of midgut of mosquitoes from the Anopheles gambiae complex from six localities in three climatic areas, including cotton-growing and cotton-free localities to include potential diferences in insecticide selection pressure. The v3–v4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was targeted and sequenced using Illumina Miseq (2×250 nt). Diversity analysis was performed using QIIME and R software programs. The major bacterial phylum was Proteobacteria (97.2%) in all samples. The most abundant genera were Enterobacter (32.8%) and Aeromonas (29.8%), followed by Pseudomonas (11.8%), Acinetobacter (5.9%) and Thorsellia (2.2%). No statistical diference in operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was found (Kruskal–Wallis FDR—p>0.05) among the diferent areas, felds or localities. Richness and diversity indexes (observed OTUs, Chao1, Simpson and Shannon indexes) showed signifcant diferences in the cotton-growing felds and in the agroclimatic zones, mainly in the Sudano-Sahelian area. OTUs from seven bacterial species that mediate refractoriness to Plasmodium infec tion in An. gambiae s.l were detected. The beta diversity analysis did not show any signifcant diference. Therefore, a same control strategy of using bacterial species refractoriness to Plasmodium to target mosquito midgut bacterial community and afect their ftness in malaria transmission may be valuable tool for future malaria control eforts in Burkina Faso.Item Asymmetric Effects of Real Exchange Rate on Trade Balance in Cote d’Ivoire: Evidence from Nonlinear ARDL Approach(Redfame, 2021-04-19) Keho, YayaThis paper analyses the effects of real exchange rate on the trade balance in Cote d’Ivoire using times series from 1975 to 2017. Although many studies have investigated this issue, most of them assume that this relationship is symmetric. This paper relaxes this assumption employing the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model by Shin, Yu and Greenwood-Nimmo (2014). The results show that trade balance responds stronger to negative shocks in real exchange rate than to positive ones in the long-run, while the short-run response of trade balance is symmetric.Item Study of Mass and Energy Yields of an Agroforestry Residues Carbonizer(Seventh Sense Research Group, 2021-11) Nouhou, Doulla Seydou; Ali, Aboubacar; Ibrahim, Horouna GadoEnergy recovery from processing wastes of agricultural products is a solution to their management issues and a means of energy production. In addition, it contributes to the reduction of deforestation. The objective of this study is to develop a method of agroforestry residues carbonization. The residues used to consist of the shell of the doum palm (hyphaenethebaica) and the rice husk. Carbonization is in partial combustion, and the device used is a metal furnace made up of three (3) stages. The peaks of temperatures, mass and energy yields, and the quality of the coal (fixed carbon rate) were determined at each stage of the carbonized. The mass yields obtained for stages 3, 2, and 1 are 66.41%, 42.60%, and 21.57% for the shell of the doum palm and 46.94%, 67.19% 24.83% for the rice husk. The energy yields are 82.41%, 57.05%, and 30.97% for the shell of the doum palm and 56.1%, 74.58%, and 26.66% for the rice husk. The coal quality (fixed carbon rate) for the same stages 3, 2, and 1 is 35.32%, 44.42%, and 52.32% for the shell of the doum palm and 32.55%, 30, 43%, and 30.75% for the rice husk. The cycle time is 9.03h for the shell of the doum palm against 11.22h for the rice husk. This study shows that the shell of the doum palm produces better quality charcoal compared to the rice husk and that the charcoal obtained at stage 1 ( ) can be used not only for gasification but also for direct home use.Item Pan-African banks, banking interconnectivity: A new systemic risk measure in the WAEMU(Elsevier, 2021-07-04) Saidane, Dhafer; Sène, Babacar; Kanga, Kouamé DésiréThis paper examines the existence of potential systemic risk in the banking sector of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) by using hand-collected bank-level data from all WAEMU countries for 2000–2017. One original aspect of our paper is the estimation of probabilities of default, in conjunction with the CIMDO method (Consistent Information Multivariate Density Optimizing) and the use of clustering techniques. We find that most of the banks have a very low probability of default, but there is a high joint probability of default for most pairs of banks. Therefore, there are seeds of systemic risk in the WAEMU: if the financial strength of large banking groups deteriorates, there could be contagion effects that could weaken the union. The use of quantile estimation has helped to determine banks’ characteristics that may explain the systemic risk.Item Association of frailty with health service utilisation and health care expenditure in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from Côte d’Ivoire(BMC, 2021-07-30) Ambagtsheer, Rachel C.; Moussa, Richard K.Background: Frailty, a syndrome resulting in heightened risk of negative outcomes for older adults, is increasing across the globe. However, little is known about the health service impacts of frailty in low-income countries (LICs), and in particular, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study explores the relationship between frailty and health service 1) utilisation and 2) expenditure within Côte d'Ivoire. Methods: Participants aged 50 years and over participated in the Living Condition, Health and Resilience among the Elderly study. Frailty was assessed using a 30-item Frailty Index (FI). The association between frailty and self-reported health service utilisation was analysed for general practitioners (GPs), specialists, overnight hospitalisations, traditional practitioners and self-medication. Expenditure over the previous month included consulting, medications, hospitalisations and total expenditure. Results: Among participants [n = 860, mean age (SD) = 61.8 (9.7) years, 42.9% female], 60.0% were frail, 22.8% pre-frail and 17.2% robust. The mean (SD) FI was 0.28 (0.17). Increased health service utilisation was associated with frailty for GP attendance, traditional practitioners and self-medication but not specialists or overnight hospitalisation. Pre-frailty and frailty were associated with increased total health service expenditure, with frailty also associated with aggregate consulting costs and medications. Conclusions: Although frailty is associated with health service utilisation and expenditure in a variety of contexts, the study results suggest that such impacts may vary across the globe. The experience of frailty in LICs is likely to differ from that experienced elsewhere due to cultural traditions, attitudes to the health system, and accessibility, with more research needed.Item REAL EXCHANGE RATE AND TRADE BALANCE DYNAMICS IN COTE D’IVOIRE(Econjournals, 2021) Keho, YayaThis study examines the relationship between real exchange rate and trade balance in Cote d’Ivoire during the period from 1975 to 2017. The study employs the ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration developed by Pesaran et al. (2001) in the examination of this nexus. Cointegration analysis and error correction modeling are used to determine the long run as well as short run dynamics, between real exchange rate and trade balance. The empirical results show negative and significant effects of domestic income on trade balance both in the short and long run. Further, a depreciation of real exchange rate causes an improvement in the trade balance in a significant way both in the short and long run. This suggests that exchange rate variations are effective for increasing balance of trade for Cote d’Ivoire.Item Effects of Real Exchange Rate on Trade Balance in Cote d’Ivoire: Evidence from Threshold Nonlinear ARDL Model(Scientific Research Publishing, 2021-06-17) Keho, YayaThe objective of this paper is to shed new light on the nonlinear relationship between real exchange rate changes and trade balance in Cote d’Ivoire. In examining this issue, previous studies have relied on the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model developed by Shin et al. (2014) where real exchange rate is decomposed into partial sum of positive and negative changes. They fail to examine the response of the trade balance to extreme changes in the real exchange rate. In order to investigate possible sign and size-dependence in the response of the trade balance to exchange rate, this study uses multiple threshold nonlinear ARDL modeling. The approach is implemented using annual data covering the period 1975-2017. The results reveal that the effects of changes in real exchange rate are asymmetric in both time horizons. More specifically, real exchange rate appreciations deteriorate the trade balance while real depreciations improve it. Further, the effect of large depreciations is higher when compared with large appreciationsItem Determinants of Trade Balance in West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU): Evidence from heterogeneous panel analysis(Taylor & Francis, 2021-09-03) Keho, YayaThis study investigates the determinants of the trade balance in West African and Monetary Union (WAEMU) over the period 1975–2017. We employ the Mean Group (MG) estimator along with the grouped mean version of Dynamic OLS (DOLS) and Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) to deal with both endogeneity and cross-country heterogeneity. The results reveal that the trade balance is negatively related to domestic and foreign income whereas real effective exchange rate depreciation improves the trade balance in the long-run. However, the results do not confirm the short-run worsening of trade balance suggested by the J-curve. In the short-run, the trade balance is sensitive only to foreign real income but not to domestic income and real exchange rate. The country-level estimates show heterogeneity in the response of the trade balance to real exchange rate, domestic and foreign income. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that policies aimed at improving the trade balance should focus on the domestic production of imported goods, rather than devaluation.