Agriculture

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Biological effects of topical application of Moringa Oleifera extract versus Fluoride on Uremic patients extracted teeth
(International Journal of Advanced Research, 2016-09) Khalaf, Eman A. S; Nagib, Ayman M.; Amin, Laila E.M.
Chronic renal failure can elicit a wide spectrum of oral manifestations in the hard and soft tissues. Moringa oleifera leaves have been reported to be a rich source of β-carotene, protein, vitamin C, calcium and potassium. Many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate with fluoride paste in promoting remineralization of enamel and dentin in vitro. This study was designed to determine the effect of renal insufficiency on patients' teeth (enamel and dentin) and study biological effects of topical application of moringa extract versus fluoride on extracted teeth. Fifty sound posterior teeth were used, divided into 3 groups. Each group was subdivided into 2 subgroups; A (control) and B (uremic). Group I (control group).Group II (fluoride group). Group III (Moringa oleifera group).All the specimens were scanned by using scanning electron microscope and elemental analysis of enamel and dentin surfaces was tested using energy dispersive analytical x-ray. Enamel of uremic teeth showed irregular enamel surface with deep depressions and pitting. Also, dentinal tubules showed different shaped outlines and diameter. Increase in calcium and phosphorus levels was statistically significant with Moringa as same as CPP-ACPF groups. Conclusions: CRF leads to alteration in the structure of enamel and dentin of permanent teeth with significant increase in mineral content (Ca& P) of permanent enamel and dentin when compared with healthy controls. Moringa has a protective effect on enamel and dentin remineralization similar/or better than fluoridated pastes.
VARIABILITÉ CLIMATIQUE ET RENDEMENT DU CACAO DANS LA RÉGION DE LA NAWA (SUD- OUEST IVOIRIEN)
(Institut de Géographie Tropicale, Université Félix Houphouët Boigny de Cocody, 2019) KONAN, Koffi Pacôme; DIBI-KANGAH, Agoh Pauline; KONE, Moussa
Détection de structures pluviométriques spatio-temporelles homogènes en Côte d’ivoire sur la période 1951-2017
(2019) COULIBALY, Kolotioloma Alama; DIBI-KANGAH, Pauline Agoh; DJÈ, Kouakou Bernard
La présente étude a pour but d’identifier de structures pluviométriques homogènes en Côte d’Ivoire à partir des données de la période 1951-2017 et de proposer une lecture spatiale. Les données de pluie mensuelle de 36 postes d’observation de la Société d’Exploitation et de développement Aéroportuaire, Aéronautique et Météorologique (SODEXAM) de Côte d’Ivoire ont été utilisées. Deux méthodes d’analyse multidimensionnelle des données ont été appliquées. Ce sont le régime pluviométrique et l’Analyse en Composante Principale (ACP). Les résultats montrent qu’il y a cinq structures spatiales pluviométriques homogènes en Côte d’Ivoire. Les zones Nord et Nord-ouest présentent un régime pluviométrique unimodal (une seule saison pluvieuse) tandis que les zones Centre-est, Sud-ouest et Littoral sont caractérisées par un régime bimodal (deux saisons pluvieuses). Les coefficients de variation pluviométrique de ces cinq zones sont faibles et varient de 9,6% au Centre-est jusqu’à 19,7% à l’Ouest. Ces zones homogènes pourront être utilisées pour les études climatologiques en Côte d’Ivoire.
Non-Wettable Surfaces – From Natural to Artificial and Applications: A Critical Review
(Rev. Adhesion Adhesives,, 2019) Tyowua, Andrew Terhemen; Targema, Msugh; Emmanuel Etim Ubuo, Emmanuel Etim
Non-wettable surfaces have recently attracted significant attention due to their enormous promising applications. These applications are primarily due to their ability to repel liquid drops and remain unwetted. In this review, the various names used in describing non-wettable surfaces are given. This is followed by the fundamental theories of wetting. Natural non-wettable surfaces are then considered, along with their importance. Thereafter, we discuss how artificial non-wettable (biomimetic) surfaces are prepared. Next, the basic properties of non-wettable surfaces, which make them promising candidates for a wide range of applications, are discussed. Furthermore, the various applications of non-wettable surfaces are discussed, with references made to review articles with specific coverage of named applications. We conclude with a summary, challenges limiting the application of non-wettable surfaces to some real-life situations and possible suggestions to mitigate them as well as opportunities for future work.
Feasibility study of biogas energy generation from refuse dump in a community-based distribution in Nigeria
(Oxford University Press, 2019-04-03) Igbum, Ogbene G.; Eloka-Eboka, Andrew C.; Adoga, Sunday
Energy generation remains one of the biggest challenges of developing nations like Nigeria. The World Bank estimated that ~80 million (44.4%) out of 180 million Nigerians living in 8000 villages across the country lack access to electricity. Lack of access to electricity to stimulate small- and medium-scale enterprises in rural communities is believed to be a major factor responsible for rural—urban migration and the lingering emigration crises across the globe. In this study, three different wastes generated were combined in a locally fabricated digester and each singly loaded in respective digesters to generate energy in the form of biogas with an anticipation of redistribution for a community-based use. The biodegradability test of the substrates were studied ab initio by evaluating for ash and moisture contents, C/N ratio, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) for maize chaff, watermelon and cassava peels. The results showed 2.85, 0.66 and 2.40% for ash content, 11.18, 93.22 and 70.26% for moisture content, 12.10, 15.10 and 19.10% for C/N ratio, 155.07, 131.96 and 113.79 ppm for BOD, and 240.00, 212.00 and 264.00 ppm for the substrates, respectively. From the results, maize chaff with the highest ash content has the least biodegradable (organic) matter, while watermelon, with the least ash content, has the highest biodegradable matter. The moisture content results for maize chaff and watermelon were below and above the optimum value of ‘60–80%’ and this confirmed the low biogas volume produced when used alone. The ideal C/N ratio for anaerobic digestion is between ‘20:1 and 30:1’. A comparison of these sets of values from the study showed that the C/N ratios obtained from the research work are below the optimum values of the C/N ratios and could be responsible for the poor biogas yield for the disjoined substrates. The biogas volume of 2100 ml was produced at the end of the retention time for the combined substrates and, was higher compared with the 18, 25 and 29ml produced for maize chaff, watermelon and cassava peels, (the disjoined) substrates, respectively. In this study, the COD value for each substrate is higher than the corresponding BOD values. Hence, co-digestion of unavoidable food wastes is economic and, a potentially viable option to generate alternative renewable energy for rural community-based use.
Effect of Watermelon Rind (Citrullus lanatus) Addition on the Chemical and Sensory Quality of Sorghum Based Mumu
(AFSJ, 2019-08-21) Gbaa, S. T.; Ahemen, S. A.; Eke, M. O.
Aims: The aim was to evaluate the effect of watermelon rind addition on chemical and sensory properties of sorghum based mumu. Study Design: The experimental design used was the complete randomized design (CRD) and the Data obtained was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s Least Significant Difference(LSD) test to compare treatment means; differences was considered significant at 95% (P≤0.05) (SPSS Version 21 software). Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry, Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, between June 2018 and March 2019. Methodology: Sorghum-based mumu was prepared from composite flours of 85:15, 75:15, 70:15 and 65:15% roasted sorghum flour and roasted partially defatted groundnut flour respectively and included with 0, 10, 15 and 20% watermelon rind powder respectively which were known as sample A, B, C and D accordingly and sample A was used as control. Subsequently, proximate composition, selected minerals and vitamins were determined using standard methods. Sensory evaluation was also conducted. Results: The addition of watermelon rind powder to sorghum-based mumu showed a significantly higher (P < 0.05) on the protein, ash and fibre. Their values ranged from 13.67 to 15.97%, 1.99 to 3.17% and 1.33 to 1.67% respectively, while moisture, crude fat and carbohydrate decrease with values ranged from 12.35 to 10.70%, 2.07 to 1.94% and 68.59 to 66.55% respectively. The energy values ranged from 347 to 348.76 Kcal/100 g). The results obtained from different minerals tested ranged as follows for phosphorus (124.10 to 155.67mg/100g), for magnesium (1.36 to 2.90 mg/100 g), for calcium (12.28 to26.67 mg/100 g) and for potassium (59.29 to 72.79 mg/100 g). Vitamins ranged from A (14.93 to 15.25 ug/100 g), C (5.97 to 8.12mg/100g), B1 (0.43 to 0.54mg/100g) and B2 (0.01 to 0.13 mg/100 g). Sensory evaluation results showed that the acceptability of the samples decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increased level of watermelon rind powder. Conclusion: The sorghum -based mumu supplemented with watermelon powder at 10% and 15% should be adopted since their sensory scores were high and the nutrient content significantly increased.
Effect of Water Stress Induced by Polyethylene Glycol 6000 on Somatic Embryogenesis in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)
(Scientific Research, 2019-09-09) Manlé, Tokpapon Eliane; Kouassi, Kan Modeste; Soumahoro, Brahima André
EFFECTIVITÉ DE LA PRISE EN COMPTE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT DANS LES PROGRAMMES DE GÉOGRAPHIE DES COLLÈGES ET LYCÉES DU SÉNÉGAL.
(Revue de Géographie Tropicale et d’Environnement, 2019-11) DIOP, Aminata
Le concept de développement durable, à travers ses trois dimensions que sont la société, l’économie et l’environnement, s’impose tant aux domaines scientiques qu’aux orientations politiques. Ainsi, les interrogations sur l’avenir de l’humanité face aux innombrables risques et incertitudes requièrent la formation d’un capital humain constitué d’acteurs engagés pour un développement durable de la planète. Il convient dès lors d’en faire un objet d’étude de la géographie dont le questionnement englobe tous ces éléments. Cette étude se propose de s’interroger sur la prise en compte d’un pan essentiel du développement durable, qu’est l’environnement, dans le programme de géographie actuellement enseigné dans les collèges et lycées du Sénégal. Une analyse des contenus de la loi d’orientation de l’Education nationale et du programme de géographie et une enquête auprès de cent élèves ont fait ressortir la volonté de former des jeunes citoyens capables d’agir en connaissance de causes pour la préservation de leur environnement avec toutefois des résultats qui ne sont pas à la hauteur de cette aspiration
RISQUES HYDRO-CLIMATIQUES PERÇUS ET BESOINS EN SERVICES METEO-CLIMATIQUES EXPRIMES PAR LES MARAICHERS DE LA COMMUNE D’ATHIEME (SUD-BENIN)
(UNIVERSITE DE LOME, 2019-12) YABI, Ibouraïma
Like traditional agricultural activities, market gardening is also vulnerable to the effects of hydro-climatic hazards, which are more and more frequent in Benin. This research is particularly interested in the hydro-climatic risks perceived and the needs in weather-climate services expressed by the market gardeners of the District of Athiémé. The data used relate to perceived hydro-climatic nuisances as well as the needs for meteorological services expressed by the producers. A questionnaire developed around the main aspects of the research was used to organize individual interviews with 304 producers. Parameters of the descriptive statistics were used for data processing and analysis. Similarly, to test homogeneity of responses, the Informal Consensus Factor (ICF) is used. The main risk factors mentioned relate to floods (98%), irregular rains (90%), unpredictable seasons (89%), heavy rains (87%), late start and / or early end of rains. (85%), pockets of drought (80, 60%), high temperatures (70%), early floods (52%) and heavy rains (50%). The meteorological and weather service requirements expressed relate to timely access to information on weather forecasts (95%), seasonal forecasts (65%) and hydrological forecasts (65%) and the assessment of the weather. level of water stress in plants (60%). These preliminary results deserve to be further developed in order to guide decisions in the direction of promoting climate resilient market gardening in Benin.
Growth performance, haematological and biochemical parameters in broilers fed diets with varying levels of Vernonia amygdalina leaf meal
(© Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2020) Tokofai, M.B.; Idoh, K.; Oke, E.O.
Wachsende Bedenken gegenüber dem Einsatz von Antibiotika als Wachstumsförderer in der Tierernährung und ihre gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen auf die Verbraucher von Geflügelprodukten machten es notwendig nach geeigneten alternativen wachstumsfördernden Mitteln, insbesondere Heilpflanzen, zu suchen. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Auswirkungen einer Nahrungsergänzung mit Vernonia amygdalina – Blattmehl (VALM) auf hämatologische und biochemische Parameter und die Wachstumsleistung von Masthühnern zu untersuchen. Vierhundertachtzig (480) Eintagsküken der Linie Cobb wurden nach dem Zufallsprinzip auf vier Fütterungsgruppen verteilt: eine Kontrollgruppe (V0), die eine Grundfuttermischung ohne (0%) VALM-Zusatz erhielt; drei Versuchsgruppen, an die die gleiche Grundfuttermischung aber mit unterschiedlichen Anteilen an VALM (1%: V1, 2%: V2 und 3%: V3) verfüttert wurde. Insgesamt erfolgten je Versuchsgruppe 4 Wiederholungen mit jeweils 30 Tieren in einem vollständig randomisierten Design. Die Tiere wurden konventionell auf Einstreu über einen Zeitraum von 6 Wochen gehalten. Körpergewicht, Futteraufnahme, Futterverwertung und Blutparameter wurden erfasst. Verglichen mit der Gruppe V0 wiesen die Tiere in den Gruppen V2 und V3 eine signifikant niedriger (P = 0,012) Futteraufnahme auf. Bei Hühnern der Gruppen V0 und V1 war die Futterverwertung ähnlich, aber signifikant höher als in den Gruppen V2 und V3. Das Endkörpergewicht und die Gewichtszunahme erreichten bei den Hühnern der Gruppe V2 im Vergleich zu den Hühnern der anderen Behandlungsgruppen signifikant (P = 0,008) höhere Werte. Die Gewichte in den Gruppen V0 und V1 waren niedriger als in der Gruppe V3. Mit Ausnahme des Hämatokrits und der weißen Blutkörperchen zeigten die übrigen gemessenen hämatologischen Parameter keine Variationen zwischen den Gruppen. Die Konzentrationen an Gesamt-Cholesterin und Lipoprotein-Cholesterin niedriger Dichte waren bei Hühnern, denen VALM angeboten wurde, niedriger als in der Kontrollgruppe. Beim Gesamtprotein gab es keinen Unterschied zwischen den Gruppen, aber die Albuminwerte waren bei VALM-Zusatz zum Futter signifikant höher (P = 0,002), insbesondere in der V2-Gruppe. Die Schlussfolgerung aus den Untersuchungen ist, dass durch eine Futtermittelergänzung mit 2% VALM die Wachstumsleistung sowie die hämatologischen und biochemischen Parameter bei Masthähnchen verbessert werden können.
Spatio-temporal Dynamics of bush fires in Mont Péko national Park (West-Côte d'Ivoire)
(European Scientific Journal, 2020-01) Oumane, Sidibe; Henri, Kouassi Kouadio; Edouard, Kouassi Konan
Following the 2016 break-out of illegally settled populations in Mont Péko national Park due to the political-military crises of 2002 to 2011, the phenomenon of uncontrolled wildfires reached alarming proportions. The purpose of this study was to determine, from the combined use of remote sensing and geographic information systems, the evolution of the intensity and the spaces traversed by the fires in this protected area between 2016 and 2018. For this purpose, two Landsat 8 satellite images from 2016 (before fires) and 2018 (after fires) were used. The results of this work reveal that 49.63% of the total area of the protected area, located in its North and South-East part, was covered by fires. Analysis of the distribution of fires across the different land use classes reveals a greater occurrence of fires in the crop and fallow class (10 519.38 ha) compared to the forest class (3 963.87 ha) and the class of bare soils and rocky outcrops (538.02 ha). Overall, the severity of fires in the park following the study period is moderate.
Crises politico-militaires et dynamique de la végétation du Parc national du Mont Péko en Côte d’Ivoire
(Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 2020-01) Ousmane, Sidibé; N’da Dibi, Hyppolite; Kouassi, Kouadio Henri
Depuis sa création, le Parc national du Mont Péko est sujet à diverses pressions anthropiques. Ces pressions ont été accentuées durant les conflits armés en Côte d’Ivoire entre 2002 et 2011. L’intensification des pressions aurait entraîné une augmentation du taux de déforestation dans le parc. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, la présente étude visait à déterminer l’effet des conflits sur la dynamique forestière du parc. À cet effet, quatre images satellitaires Landsat ont été analysées pour examiner les changements d’occupation des sols avant, pendant et après les conflits. Les résultats de ces travaux révèlent une forte réduction des surfaces forestières durant les conflits, qui s'est accentuée pendant la période post-conflit. En effet, 5,65 % de pertes se sont produites avant les conflits à un taux annuel de 0,42 %, contre 28,03 % pendant les conflits à un taux annuel de 3,92 %, et 34,02 % après les conflits à un taux annuel de 14,41 %. Cette aggravation de la déforestation dans le parc est liée à la culture illégale du cacao. L’infiltration massive des populations paysannes dans cette aire protégée pendant les conflits a entraîné une exacerbation des pressions. Une surveillance constante et un aménagement des zones converties en plantation de cacao afin d’accélérer la régénération dans le parc s’avèrent donc nécessaires. En outre, les résultats soulignent la vulnérabilité des aires protégées lors des conflits et l’urgence de la prise de mesures de sécurisation de celles-ci pour prévenir les risques de dégradation.
Etat Actuel de la Diversité Floristique du Parc National du Mont Péko en Côte d’Ivoire
(European Scientific Journal, 2020-01) Konan, Edouard Kouassi; Kouadio, Henri Kouassi
Suite aux évènements politiques survenus en 2002 en Côte d'Ivoire, le Parc national du Mont Péko a connu une forte anthropisation qui a impacté son intégrité écologique. La présente étude a pour objectif d’évaluer la diversité floristique du parc après cette décennie de crise afin de contribuer à l'élaboration des stratégies de conservation. La collecte des données sur la flore a combiné la méthode de relevé de surface et celle dite itinérante. 66 relevés floristiques ont été réalisés chacun sur une aire minimale de 400 m², équitablement répartis entre les forêts, les jachères et les parcelles aménagées par l’Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves. Les données collectées ont permis de noter que malgré les perturbations constatées dans un passé récent, la flore du parc reste encore riche et très diversifiée. Un total de 470 espèces appartenant à 326 genres et 92 familles botaniques a été inventorié. Les familles les mieux représentées sont les Euphorbiaceae et les Rubiaceae. Le spectre biologique indique une prédominance des phanérophytes (89 %). Sur le plan chorologique, les espèces guinéo-congolaises (GC) dominent la flore du parc à 69 %. En outre, 105 espèces à statut particulier ont été identifiées d’où l’urgence de sauver cette aire protégée fragilisée et menacée de disparition
Aquaponics production of catfish and pumpkin: Comparison with conventional production systems
(WILEY, 2020-02-18) Oladimeji, Sunday Abraham; Okomoda, Victor Tosin; Olufeagba, Samuel Olabode
Aquaponics is known to be a smart way of producing fish and crops simultaneously; however, there is a paucity of information about the extents of this system's efficiency over other conventional methods of food production. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the performance of a catfish–pumpkin aquaponics system in comparison with recirculatory and static aquaculture systems (for fish performance), as well as irrigated and nonirrigated systems (for pumpkin performance). Results obtained showed that the production of fish in the aquaponics system was 29% and 75% more efficient than recirculatory and static aquaculture systems, respectively. The survival of the fish was also significantly improved probably due to better water quality in the aquaponics system. With respect to pumpkin production, yield in the aquaponics system was about five times the performance in irrigated land and eleven times those in nonirrigated land. This study gives definitive evidence to support the efficiency of the aquaponics system over other conventional food production methods.
Seed dormancy and dormancy-breaking conditions of 12 West African woody species with high reforestation potential in the forest-savanna ecotone of Côte d’Ivoire
(Seed Science and Technology, 2020-03) Koutouan-Kontchoi, Milène N.; Phartyal1, Shyam S.; Rosbakh, Sergey
Information on the regeneration ecology of native woody species of the forest-savanna ecotone of West Africa is scarce, which is a major impediment to their optimal utilization in large-scale restoration programmes. The scattered information that is available for some of these species reveals that freshly matured seed are dormant. However, environmental heterogeneity among different habitats may results in inter-population seed dormancy variation. Thus, our objective was to re-examine the dormancy of 12 species from the forest-savanna ecotone that have been targeted for reforestation. Specifically, we aimed to examine the water-permeability of the seeds and explore the effectiveness of acid scarification and heat treatment to alleviate dormancy. Four species belonging to families other than Fabaceae and Malvaceae had water-permeable seeds. Two of them had nondormant (ND) seeds, and seeds of the other two species had a mixture of ND and other kinds of dormancy (possibly physiological dormancy, PD). Most species of Fabaceae and Malvaceae had water-impermeable seeds. All seeds of three species had physical dormant (PY), and some seeds of the remaining species had PY, while others were ND or had PD. Acid-scarification was effective in breaking PY and in augmenting imbibition and germination of non-PY seeds, while heat treatment was moderately effective in breaking dormancy. In general, acid scarification for 1-30 minutes and heat treatment for one hour at 55-75°C were optimal to enhance seed germination, depending on species. The present study has wide practical implications for park conservationists and restoration ecologists interested in producing bulk quantities of high-quality planting stocks of native woody species for large-scale restoration programmes.
Nutritional Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Manihot esculenta Crantz Leaf on Isa Brown Older Layers Performance
(ANSINET, 2020-03-15) Djeuta, O.Ngueda; Voemesse, K.; Teteh, A.
Background and Objective: The scarcity and seasonal fluctuation of conventional feedstuff srequire alternative sources in order to ensure optimum performance of poultry birds. This study investigated the effect of Manihot esculenta leaf meal (MELM) on blood parameters and productive performance of laying hens from 50-62 weeks of age. Materials and Methods: A total of two hundred Is a Brown layers of 50 weeks of age were assigned to 4 dietary treatments with 5 replicates of 10 birds each. Treatment diets were: 0% MELM (ME0), 2.5% MELM (ME2.5), 5% MELM (ME5%) and 7.5% MELM (ME7.5). During the experimental period, feed intake, egg production, feed conversion ratio as well as egg quality parameters were recorded weekly. The blood samples were collected from 16 birds (4/replicate) at 61th weeks of age for the determination of total protein, albumin and uric acid. Results: Results showed that feed intake (FI) and egg production were higher (p<0.05) in the birds of ME5 and ME7.5 than those of the other treatment. The birds in ME5 and ME7.5 also had the lowest (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR). Total proteins and albumin were significantly higher (p<0.05) in birds fed 5 and 7.5 % of MELM while layers in ME 7.5 group had the highest (p<0.05) uric acid concentration. Most external and internal egg quality parameters were not significantly affected except for yolk color score which was improved with increased levels of MELM. Conclusion: In conclusion, Manihot esculenta leaf meal (MELM) can be used up to 7.5% as feed ingredients in laying hens to improve performance.
Moment of Reckoning for all Leaders
(International Journal of Advanced Research, 2020-04) Sawshilya, Archana
No Abstract
Limitations in Validating Derived Soil Water Content from Thermal/Optical Measurements Using the Simplified Triangle Method
(MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), 2020-04-04) Kasim, Abba Aliyu; Carlson, Toby Nahum; Usman, Haruna Shehu
We assess the validity of the surface moisture availability parameter (Mo) derived from satellite-based optical/thermal measurements using the simplified triangle method. First, we show that Mo values obtained from the simplified triangle method agree closely with those generated from a soil/vegetation/atmosphere/transfer (SVAT) model for scenes over a field site at the Allahabad district, India. Next, we compared Mo values from the simplified triangle method for these same overpass scenes with surface soil water content measured at depths of 5 and 15 cm at this field site. Although a very weak correlation exists between remotely sensed values of Mo for the full scenes and measured soil water content measured at both depths, correlations increasingly improve for the 5 cm samples (but not for the 15 cm samples) as pixels were limited to increasingly smaller vegetation fractions. We conclude that the simplified triangle method would yield reasonable values of Mo and demonstrate good agreement with ground measurements, provided that validation is limited to pixels with little or no vegetation and to soil depths of 5 cm or less.
Assessment of 16 Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) CSSLs Derived from an Interspecific Cross for Yield and Yield Component Traits: QTL Validation
(MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), 2020-04-18) Tossim, Hodo-Abalo; Nguepjop, Joel Romaric; Diatta, Cyril
Cultivated peanut is an allotetraploid (2n = 4× = 40) with narrow genetic diversity. In previous studies, we developed an advanced backcross quantitative trait loci (AB-QTL) population from the cross between the synthetic allotetraploid ((Arachis ipaensis × Arachis duranensis)4×) and the cultivated variety Fleur11, and mapped several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in yield and yield components. We also developed a chromosome segment substitution line (CSSL) population as a way to mendelize the QTLs and analyzing their effects. In this study, 16 CSSLs were used for assessing the contribution of wild alleles in yield performance and stability across environments, as well as validating QTLs for pod and seed size. The CSSLs and the recurrent parent Fleur11, used as a check, were assessed using an alpha lattice design in three locations during two consecutive rainy seasons in Senegal, totaling six environments. Our results showed that the chromosome segments from the wild species, in general, have no yield disadvantage and contributed positive variation to yield-related traits. Most of the QTLs detected for pod and seed size in the AB-QTL on linkage groups A07, A08, A09, and B06 were also found in the CSSLs, showing that the CSSLs used in this study are accurate material for QTL validation. Several new QTLs have also been identified. Two CSSLs (12CS_031 and 12CS_069) showed consistently higher pod and seed size than Fleur11 in all environments, suggesting that the QTLs were consistent and stable. Our study opens the way for pyramiding these QTLs for peanut improvement
Valorisation de biofongicides d’origine végétale en vue d’une gestion éco-efficiente de la pourriture brune des cabosses du cacaoyer causée par Phytophthora palmivora
(Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 2020-05-31) Balakissa, Balakissa; Balakissa, Soro; Kassy, Fernand
L’utilisation des fongicides de synthèse dans la lutte contre la pourriture brune des cabosses de cacaoyer pourrait être à l’origine des problèmes de santé publique et environnementaux. L’objectif de ce travail a été d’étudier l’effet de trois fongicides biologiques à savoir NECO, ASTOUN et FERCA sur la croissance mycélienne in vitro de Phytophthora palmivora agent responsable de la maladie et d’évaluer la capacité de ces biofongicides à contrôler la maladie sur des cabosses détachées. Ces trois fongicides biologiques et le fongicide de synthèse, CALLOMIL SUPER ont été utilisés chacun à quatre concentrations qui sont 100, 200, 400 et 800 ppm. Les produits ont été incorporés au milieu petit pois gélosé en surfusion puis distribués dans des boîtes de Pétri. Des rondelles mycéliennes de Phytophthora palmivora de 1 cm de diamètre ont été prélevées sur des cultures âgées de 7 jours et mises sur les milieux de culture. Des cabosses détachées ont été inoculées en serre avec une suspension de 3.105 spores/ml de zoospores du pathogène puis traitées avec les fongicides. In vitro, NECO, ASTOUN, FERCA et CALLOMIL SUPER ont inhibé significativement la croissance mycélienne de Phytophthora palmivora avec 78,37, 78,32, 76,41 et 80,29 % respectivement après quatre jours d’incubation. Les concentrations minimales qui inhibent 50 % (CI50) la croissance du champignon ont été respectivement de 233, 344, 553 et 228 ppm pour NECO, ASTOUN, FERCA et CALLOMIL SUPER. Les biofongicides NECO et ASTOUN ont été efficaces dans la lutte contre la pourriture brune sur les cabosses détachées. Cependant, NECO a été plus efficace que ASTOUN en inhibant à plus de 50 % l’évolution de la maladie à la concentration de 10 ml/l après dix jours d’incubation. Les fongicides biologiques NECO et ASTOUN ont prouvé leur capacité à contrôler la pourriture brune des cabosses de cacaoyer dans les conditions contrôlées et semi contrôlées.

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