Environment

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    Antioxidant and Anti α-amylase activities of Polar Extracts of Mitracarpus hirtus and Saba Senegalensis and the combination of their Butanolic Extracts
    (International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2023-01-11) Sarr, Fatou Bintou; Sy, Gata Yoro; Cabral, Matild
    Diabetes mellitus is a major public health disease, and it affects all segments of the population around the world. The progression of this disease is worrying, 460 million in 2019, the number of diabetics is estimated in 2045 at 700 million worldwide. The antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of the ethyl acetate (EA) and Butan-1-ol (But-ol) fractions of M hirtus and Saba senegalensis are studied in this work. The results revealed that the fractions possessed flavonoid, tannins, terpenes and sterols; and exhibit potent radical scavenging activity using DPPH as substrate. The butanolic fractions exhibited more significantly α-amylase inhibitory activities than the ethyl acetate fractions. The IC50 values of butanolic fractions are 0.099 and 0.41 mg/ml respectively for M hirtus and S Senegalensis versus 0.44 and 1.45mg/ml ethyl acetate fractions. The combined butanol fractions of the two plants do not lead to the expected synergetic activities. Thus, it could be concluded that due to the presence of antioxidant components in the plant, extracts have well prospective for the management of diabetes and the related condition of oxidative stress.
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    Approvisionnement en eau dans la commune des Parcelles Assainies de Dakar (Sénégal): perception de la qualité et pratiques des populations
    (European Scientific Journal, 2021-02-08) Diop, Cheikh; Toure, Aminata; Bah, Fatoumata
    L’eau est indispensable pour satisfaire les besoins domestiques et alimentaires, mais sa disponibilité permanente est une préoccupation réelle en milieu urbain notamment dans les quartiers défavorisés des pays en développement. Le manque d’eau et la qualité de celle-ci exposent les populations particulièrement les enfants aux maladies hydriques. L’objectif de ce travail est d’identifier les différentes sources d’approvisionnement en eau et d’évaluer la perception de la qualité de l’eau et son impact sur la santé par les populations de la commune des Parcelles Assainies de Dakar. La méthodologie adoptée dans cette étude est basée sur une enquête qui a consisté à administrer aux ménages un questionnaire pré-validé. La méthode des quotas a permis de sélectionner 400 ménages répartis dans les différents quartiers de la commune. Les résultats indiquent que 82,3 % de la population de la commune s’approvisionnent avec l’eau du robinet et 70,5 % utilisent des pompes manuelles en cas de coupure d’eau. L’eau du robinet sert essentiellement de boisson (73 %) et celle des pompes manuelles pour la douche, le linge et les travaux ménagers. La majorité de la population (56 %) trouve que la qualité de l’eau est moyennement bonne, 24 % indiquent qu’elle est bonne et 20 % considèrent qu’elle est mauvaise. L’odeur est le paramètre organoleptique le plus utilisé par la population (68 %) pour apprécier la qualité de l’eau suivi du goût (63 %) et de la couleur (62 %). Cette situation justifie le traitement de l’eau à domicile avant usage avec l’eau de javel (66,7 %), de comprimés désinfectant Aquatabs® (32,2 %), la filtration et la décantation (21,9 %). Par ailleurs, 75 % des enquêtés trouvent que la fréquence des maladies diarrhéiques chez les enfants est liée à la qualité de l’eau. L’analyse des résultats montre une diversité des sources d’approvisionnement liée au manque de moyens économiques associés aux fréquentes coupures d’eau du robinet, une mauvaise perception de la qualité de l’eau et une fréquence élevée de maladies liée à l’eau chez les enfants.
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    Approvisionnement en eau dans la commune des Parcelles Assainies de Dakar (Sénégal): perception de la qualité et pratiques des populations.
    (ESJ Natural/Life/Medical Sciences, 2021-02-28) Diop, Cheikh; Toure, Aminata; Bah, Fatoumata
    L’eau est indispensable pour satisfaire les besoins domestiques et alimentaires, mais sa disponibilité permanente est une préoccupation réelle en milieu urbain notamment dans les quartiers défavorisés des pays en développement. Le manque d’eau et la qualité de celle-ci exposent les populations particulièrement les enfants aux maladies hydriques. L’objectif de ce travail est d’identifier les différentes sources d’approvisionnement en eau et d’évaluer la perception de la qualité de l’eau et son impact sur la santé par les populations de la commune des Parcelles Assainies de Dakar. La méthodologie adoptée dans cette étude est basée sur une enquête qui a consisté à administrer aux ménages un questionnaire pré-validé. La méthode des quotas a permis de sélectionner 400 ménages répartis dans les différents quartiers de la commune. Les résultats indiquent que 82,3 % de la population de la commune s’approvisionnent avec l’eau du robinet et 70,5 % utilisent des pompes manuelles en cas de coupure d’eau. L’eau du robinet sert essentiellement de boisson (73 %) et celle des pompes manuelles pour la douche, le linge et les travaux ménagers. La majorité de la population (56 %) trouve que la qualité de l’eau est moyennement bonne, 24 % indiquent qu’elle est bonne et 20 % considèrent qu’elle est mauvaise. L’odeur est le paramètre organoleptique le plus utilisé par la population (68 %) pour apprécier la qualité de l’eau suivi du goût (63 %) et de la couleur (62 %). Cette situation justifie le traitement de l’eau à domicile avant usage avec l’eau de javel (66,7 %), de comprimés désinfectant Aquatabs® (32,2 %), la filtration et la décantation (21,9 %). Par ailleurs, 75 % des enquêtés trouvent que la fréquence des maladies diarrhéiques chez les enfants est liée à la qualité de l’eau. L’analyse des résultats montre une diversité des sources d’approvisionnement liée au manque de moyens économiques associés aux fréquentes coupures d’eau du robinet, une mauvaise perception de la qualité de l’eau et une fréquence élevée de maladies liée à l’eau chez les enfants.
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    The ARMA-APARCH-EVT Models Based on HAC in Dependence Modeling and Risk Assessment of a Financial Portfolio
    (European Journal of Pure and Applied Science, 2021-11-10) Moutari, Natatou Dodo; Hassane, Abba Mallam; Diakarya, Barro
    Multivariate modeling of dependence and its impact on risk assessment remains a major concern for financial institutions. Thus, the copula model, in particular Archimedean hierarchical copulas (HAC) appears as a promising alternative, capable to precisely capture the structure of dependence between financial variables. This study aims to widen the sphere of practical applicability of the HAC model combined with the ARMA-APARCH volatility forecast model and the extreme values theory (EVT). A sequential process of modeling of the VaR of a portfolio based on the ARMA-APARCH-EVT-HAC model is discussed. The empirical analysis conducted with data from international stock market indices clearly illustrates the performance and accuracy of modeling based on HACs.
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    Assessing human pressure on wild food and forage tree species for designing effective conservation actions in West Africa Sahel region
    (Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 2021-05-05) Hien, Bossila Séraphin; Bondé, Loyapin; Da, Sié Sylvestre
    Background: High harvesting of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) for food and fodder supply leads many tree species to be vulnerable or endangered due to overexploitation. This study aimed to assess harvesting pressure on food and forage species and to understand how the socio-economic profile of people affects their perception on species state as well as on the impact of harvesting methods on species dynamics. Methods: Semi-structured ethnobotanical surveys were conducted near the active stakeholders involved in NTFPs harvesting - children, women, herders, and former actors (old persons >50 years old, both women and herders). Hundred and four (104) people from 4 ethnic groups were interviewed. We have calculated the overharvesting index (OI) based on three pressure parameters: Fidelity level of use (FL), Relative frequency of harvesting (FH) and Relative intensity of pruning (IP). The difference between respondent’s perceptions on species state was tested using logistic regression followed by analysis of variance of the model. Results: The overharvesting index (OI) showed that eight (8) species are overharvested of which the first three species are Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir (OI = 122.1%), Saba senegalensis (A. DC.) Pichon (OI = 100%) and Lannea microcarpa Engl. & K. Krause (OI = 97.4%). These overharvested species are generally exploited using destructive methods, especially branch pruning for leaves and/or fruits harvesting. Local people´s perception on species state was significantly influenced by the type of actors and their age (p<0.0001 for both). This suggests that specific awareness message considering socio-economic profiles of people need to be developed for a truth conservation impact on the field. 82.3% of respondents declared that harvesting methods have no significant impact on species state, revealing that most people are still using forest resources in traditional considerations. Conclusion: Raising awareness, based on scientific information highlighting the effects of harvesting methods on the regeneration and functional traits of NTFPs species, could contribute positively to changing people’s consideration of the sustainable use of species.
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    Assessment of endothelial function in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome
    (Academic Journals, 2021-08-31) Ba, Fatoumata; Sar, Fatou Bintou; Bâ, Abdoulaye
    Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is characterized by recurrent episodes of interruption of ventilation responsible for hypoxemia, hypercapnia and hyper activation of the autonomic nervous system. Hypoxemia followed by re-oxygenation promotes the formation of free radicals, oxidative stress and vascular inflammation, leading to endothelial dysfunction. The objective of this cross-sectional study conducted at the laboratory of Physiology of Gaston Berger University of Saint-Louis was to assess endothelial function during sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome. The endothelial function was explored non-invasively by Endopat 2000. Free and informed consent was required. Data analysis was carried out on Epi Info 7, uni-varied and bi-varied analyzes performed with a significance threshold p <5%. The study involved 42 patients including 69% women and 31% men. The average age was 52.11±8.31 years with a predominance of the (40-50yrs and 50-60yrs). The most frequently medical disorder was hypertension with 71.43%. Over 75% of the subjects were obese or overweight. OSAHS was mild in 35.71% of cases, moderate 38.1% and severe 26.19%. Endothelial dysfunction was found in 27.5% of the subjects. It was most noted in subjects with severe OSAHS, with no statistical significant difference. No significant association was found between endothelial dysfunction, gender, age and body weight. Endothelial function is often impaired during OSAHS. Studies on a larger sample should be done for more conclusive results.
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    Assessment of endothelial function in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome
    (Academic Journals (Journal of Physiology and Pathophysiology), 2021-08-10) Bâ, Fatoumata; Sar, Fatou Bintou; Bâ, Abdoulaye
    Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is characterized by recurrent episodes of interruption of ventilation responsible for hypoxemia, hypercapnia and hyper activation of the autonomic nervous system. Hypoxemia followed by re-oxygenation promotes the formation of free radicals, oxidative stress and vascular inflammation, leading to endothelial dysfunction. The objective of this cross-sectional study conducted at the laboratory of Physiology of Gaston Berger University of Saint-Louis was to assess endothelial function during sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome. The endothelial function was explored non-invasively by Endopat 2000. Free and informed consent was required. Data analysis was carried out on Epi Info 7, uni-varied and bi-varied analyzes performed with a significance threshold p <5%. The study involved 42 patients including 69% women and 31% men. The average age was 52.11±8.31 years with a predominance of the (40-50yrs and 50-60yrs). The most frequently medical disorder was hypertension with 71.43%. Over 75% of the subjects were obese or overweight. OSAHS was mild in 35.71% of cases, moderate 38.1% and severe 26.19%. Endothelial dysfunction was found in 27.5% of the subjects. It was most noted in subjects with severe OSAHS, with no statistical significant difference. No significant association was found between endothelial dysfunction, gender, age and body weight. Endothelial function is often impaired during OSAHS. Studies on a larger sample should be done for more conclusive results.
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    Assessment of the Effect of Different Varieties of Tomato and Hot Pepper on Nematodes Attack in Senegal
    (ESJ Natural/Life/Medical Sciences, 2021-10-31) Cisse, Alpha; Diop, Mamadou Thiam; Dia, Souleymane
    Tomato and hot pepper are very susceptible to nematodes. The Parasitic Plant Nematodes (PPN) are controlled using chemicals or resistant varieties. This study focuses on appraising the resistance levels of local and American varieties through the plant characteristics (growth, biomass) and the nematodes metrics (gall index, population). For each crop, three American varieties were tested to ascertain their resistance to the nematodes in Senegal using the following plant materials and protocol. American tomatoe varieties are as follows: Small Fry, Jet Setter, and Celebrity. The hot pepper American varieties include Charleston Bell, Carolina Cayenne, and Carolina Wonder. All of these were provided by the Entomology and Nematology Department and Cooperative Extension Service at the University of Florida. They were compared with highly susceptible Senegalese local varieties which were Roma and Orbit for tomato and Safi for hot pepper. The test was conducted in pots containing sterilized sand of dune and placed in a shelter in a completely randomized design. There were 200 second stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne inoculated in each pot thirteen days after transplantation. After fifty days, plants were uprooted to collect agronomic and nematological parameters. Results for tomato showed, in general, better growth from Roma than the other American tomato varieties. Celebrity offered possibilities of reducing Meloidogyne population, while Small Fry and Jet Setter’s growth were not affected by Meloidogyne populations. Safi, which is the local hot pepper variety, displayed the poorest growth. Carolina Cayenne variety also performed better than Safi in heavy infestations. Analysis of Meloidogyne J2 final population data (in the soil and root) showed a significant difference between Small Fry and Celebrity for tomato. As for hot pepper, Carolina Cayenne performed significantly better than Carolina wonder and Safi. This opens up further research opportunities on the impact of Meloidogyne nematode genus and the agronomic parameters.
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    Between Drugs and Society: Moral Experiences and Drug Addiction in Ouagadougou
    (Editions Karthala, 2021) Dijk, Annigje van; Zerbo, Roger
    This article engages with the local moral worlds and the reported experiences of people addicted to heroin and/or cocaine in Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso. Drug users’ experiences were coloured by a continuous conflict between the need to use drugs and a simultaneous inability to live a “good life”: that is, to fulfill the social role associated with their “life stage.” We add to a small body of research that has sought to understand the worlds of drugs in Africa from the perspectives of people who engage in drug use.
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    Bulinus senegalensis and Bulinus umbilicatus Snail Infestations by the Schistosoma haematobium Group in Niakhar, Senegal
    (MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), 2021-07-08) Gaye, Papa Mouhamadou; Doucoure, Souleymane; Senghor, Bruno
    Thorough knowledge of the dynamics of Bulinus spp. infestation could help to control the spread of schistosomiasis. This study describes the spatio-temporal dynamics of B. senegalensis and B. umbilicatus infestation by the Schistosoma haematobium group of blood flukes in Niakhar, Senegal. Molecular identification of the S. haematobium group was performed by real-time PCR, targeting the Dra 1 gene in 810 samples of Bulinus spp. collected during the schistosomiasis transmission season in 2013. In addition to Dra 1 PCR, a rapid diagnostic-PCR was performed on a sub-group of 43 snails to discriminate S. haematobium, S. bovis, and S. mattheei. Out of 810 snails, 236 (29.1%) were positive for Dra 1 based on the PCR, including 96.2% and 3.8% of B. senegalensis and B. umbilicatus, respectively. Among the sub-group, 16 samples were confirmed to be S. haematobium while one was identified as a mixture of S. haematobium and S. bovis. Snails infestations were detected in all villages sampled and infestation rates ranged from 15.38% to 42.11%. The prevalence of infestation was higher in the north (33.47%) compared to the south (25.74%). Snail populations infestations appear early in the rainy season, with a peak in the middle of the season, and then a decline towards the end of the rainy season. Molecular techniques showed, for the first time, the presence of S. bovis in the Bulinus spp. population of Niakhar. The heterogeneity of snail infestations at the village level must be taken into account in mass treatment strategies. Further studies should help to improve the characterizations of the schistosome population.
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    Choix et utilisation des pesticides dans la zone des Niayes : cas de Notto Gouye Diama
    (Afrique SCIENCE, 2021-01) Dia, Souleymane; Cisse, Alpha; GUEYE, Cheikh Mouhamadou Lamine Bara
    Ce travail porte sur l’usage des pesticides dans la zone des Niayes qui fournit presque la quasi-totalité des produits maraîchers au Sénégal. Les maraîchers de cette zone ont de plus en plus recours à l’utilisation des pesticides pour lutter contre les ennemis des cultures. Toutefois, le recourt aux pesticides chimiques soulève de redoutables questions d’ordre environnemental et pose des problèmes de santé aux agriculteurs et aux consommateurs. C’est dans ce contexte que s’insère cette présente étude qui se veut un diagnostic sur le choix et l’utilisation des pesticides dans la zone de Notto Gouye Diama. Pour mener à bien le travail, la présentation de la zone et du matériel d’étude ont été effectués en premier lieu. Ensuite, nous avons procédé à une synthèse bibliographique, au choix des villages, à l’échantillonnage, à la collecte et enfin l’exploitation et l’analyse des données obtenues. L’enquête a été menée sur la base d’un questionnaire du 22 juillet au 22 Aout 2019 au près des producteurs de la zone. L’analyse a porté sur l’étude des facteurs de production et spéculations, le choix et l’utilisation des pesticides. Les résultats montrent essentiellement que les hommes s’adonnent plus aux activités agricoles que les femmes avec respectivement (89 %) et (11 %) avec des niveaux d’instruction faible en français et élevé en arabe (39 % des producteurs). Les équipements de traitements phytosanitaires tels que les pulvérisateurs à dos sont utilisés par la totalité des producteurs enquêtés (100 % des cas). Cependant on note une utilisation faible des atomiseurs (8 %). Le port d’équipements de protection individuelle appropriée lors des traitements phytosanitaires est faiblement adopté avec seulement (44 %) portent de masques, (36 %) portent des gants (28 %) portent des combinaisons et (31 %) portent des lunettes. Les enquêtes ont pu illustrer leur faible niveau en français, le dynamisme des femmes rurales et le manque de protection contre les pesticides ce qui justifie l’importance de la vulgarisation de ce travail de recherche.
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    Choix et utilisation des pesticides dans la zone des Niayes : cas de Notto Gouye Diama
    (Afrique SCIENCE, 2021-05-25) Dia, Souleymane; CISSE, Alpha; GUEYE, Cheikh Mouhamadou Lamine Bara
    Ce travail porte sur l’usage des pesticides dans la zone des Niayes qui fournit presque la quasi-totalité des produits maraîchers au Sénégal. Les maraîchers de cette zone ont de plus en plus recours à l’utilisation des pesticides pour lutter contre les ennemis des cultures. Toutefois, le recourt aux pesticides chimiques soulève de redoutables questions d’ordre environnemental et pose des problèmes de santé aux agriculteurs et aux consommateurs. C’est dans ce contexte que s’insère cette présente étude qui se veut un diagnostic sur le choix et l’utilisation des pesticides dans la zone de Notto Gouye Diama. Pour mener à bien le travail, la présentation de la zone et du matériel d’étude ont été effectués en premier lieu. Ensuite, nous avons procédé à une synthèse bibliographique, au choix des villages, à l’échantillonnage, à la collecte et enfin l’exploitation et l’analyse des données obtenues. L’enquête a été menée sur la base d’un questionnaire du 22 juillet au 22 Aout 2019 au près des producteurs de la zone. L’analyse a porté sur l’étude des facteurs de production et spéculations, le choix et l’utilisation des pesticides. Les résultats montrent essentiellement que les hommes s’adonnent plus aux activités agricoles que les femmes avec respectivement (89 %) et (11 %) avec des niveaux d’instruction faible en français et élevé en arabe (39 % des producteurs). Les équipements de traitements phytosanitaires tels que les pulvérisateurs à dos sont utilisés par la totalité des producteurs enquêtés (100 % des cas). Cependant on note une utilisation faible des atomiseurs (8 %). Le port d’équipements de protection individuelle appropriée lors des traitements phytosanitaires est faiblement adopté avec seulement (44 %) portent de masques, (36 %) portent des gants (28 %) portent des combinaisons et (31 %) portent des lunettes. Les enquêtes ont pu illustrer leur faible niveau en français, le dynamisme des femmes rurales et le manque de protection contre les pesticides ce qui justifie l’importance de la vulgarisation de ce travail de recherche.
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    Comparison of the Adomian decomposition method and regular perturbation method on non linear equations second kind of Volterra
    (New York Business Global, 2021) Yaro, Rasmane; Abbo, Bakari; Francis, Bassono
    In this paper, we study convergence of Adomian decomposition method applied to second kind Volterra general integral and show that this method and regular perturbation method converges to the same solution.
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    Cost of pediatric hospitalizations in Burkina Faso: A cross-sectional study of children aged <5 years enrolled through an acute gastroenteritis surveillance program
    (Elsevier, 2020-09) Aliabadi, Negar; Bonkoungou, Isidore Juste O.; Pindyck, Talia
    Introduction Diarrheal illness is a leading cause of hospitalizations among children <5 years. We estimated the costs of inpatient care for rotavirus and all-cause acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in two Burkina Faso hospitals. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among children <5 years from December 2017 to June 2018 in one urban and one rural pediatric hospital. Costs were ascertained through caregiver interview and chart abstraction. Direct medical, non-medical, and indirect costs per child incurred are reported. Costs were stratified by rotavirus results. Results 211 children <5 years were included. AGE hospitalizations cost 161USD (IQR 117–239); 180USD (IQR 121–242) at the urban and 154USD (IQR 116–235) at the rural site. Direct medical costs were higher in the urban compared to the rural site (140USD (IQR 102–182) vs. 90USD (IQR 71–108), respectively). Direct non-medical costs were higher at the rural versus urban site (15USD (IQR 10, 15) vs. 11USD (IQR 5–20), respectively). Indirect costs were higher at the rural versus urban site (35USD (IQR 8–91) vs. 0USD (IQR 0–26), respectively). Rotavirus hospitalizations incurred less direct medical costs as compared to non-rotavirus hospitalizations at the rural site (79USD (IQR 64–103) vs. 95USD (IQR 80–118)). No other differences by rotavirus testing status were observed. The total median cost of a hospitalization incurred by households was 24USD (IQR 12–49) compared to 75USD for government (IQR 59–97). Direct medical costs for households were higher in the urban site (median 49USD (IQR 31–81) versus rural (median 14USD (IQR 8–25)). Households in the lowest wealth quintiles at the urban site expended 149% of their monthly income on the child’s hospitalization, compared to 96% at the rural site. Conclusions AGE hospitalization costs differed between the urban and rural hospitals and were most burdensome to the lowest income households. Rotavirus positivity was not associated with greater household costs.
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    Detection and spatio-temporal variation of marine heatwaves in the Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria
    (Academic Journals (Journal of Oceanography and Marine Science), 2019-09-04) Asuquo, Francis Emile; Oghenechovwen, Oghenekevwe Christopher
    Time series analyses spanning 30 years (1988 - 2017) on spatial and temporal variations in sea surface temperatures reveal the occurrence of marine heatwaves (MHWs) within the Nigerian segment of the Gulf of Guinea. For specific focus, three locations were also chosen along Nigeria’s coastal zone, namely Lagos lagoon (western region), the Niger Delta (Forcados/Central region) and outer Cross River estuary (eastern region). Daily SST data was subjected to MHW detection algorithm, and then examined using Gaussian and Poisson distribution models to delineate the distribution of maximum intensities and frequency of occurrence of these extreme events, respectively. Determining the likelihood difference of maximum intensities of MHWs and the association between MHW count and occurrence year during the period was done using Kruskal-Wallis and Kendall rank correlation tests, respectively. Results show that the entire study area has been experiencing MHWs more frequently in recent decades, with the northwest region having higher counts. Strong seasonality exists, as more MHWs occurred in winter months (October to May). Peak month for MHW occurrence over the entire study area was May. November is shared as a peak month for the three focus coastal locations, although MHWs in Cross River and Niger Delta locations exhibited multi-modal patterns. None of the MHWs in Lagos location was categorized as severe. This study contributes to the World Climate Research Programme Grand Challenge on Weather and Climate Extremes.
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    Detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in human diarrheic stool and drinking water samples in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
    (African Journal Online, 2021-07-22) Bonkoungou, Isidore Juste Ouindgueta; Somda, Namwin Siourimè; Traoré, Oumar
    Background: The presence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) in drinking water, is a grave public health problem. This study was aimed at characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from drinking water and faecal samples from diarrheic patients in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Materials and Methods: A total of 242 water samples consisting of 182 potable sachets and 60 from boreholes were collected in the period between October 2018 and April 2019 in the city of Ouagadougou. Faecal samples were also collected from 201 diarrheic patients visiting National Public Health Laboratory for a biological diagnosis by coproculture. The presence of virulence genes associated with DEC was determined by 16-plex polymerase chain reaction from bacteria culture. Results: From drinking water, we found 17% (42/242) Escherichia coli isolates in which 1% (2/242) DEC were detected. Among analyzed samples (182 sachet water versus 60 borehole water), the two DEC (01 ETEC and 01 EPEC) were detected in sachet water. DEC were detected in 20% (40/201) of patients. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) were mostly detected in 10% followed by Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in 4%, Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) in 2%, and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) 0.5%. However, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) was not detected alone, but in co-infections with EAEC. Conclusion: The present study documented the prevalence of Escherichia coli pathovars associated in patients with diarrhea, and shows that drinking water might be a source of DEC transmission in human.
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    Detection, identification and characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae in wastewater and salads marketed in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
    (African Journal Online, 2020-12-08) Soré, Souleymane; Sawadogo, Yacouba; Bonkoungou, Juste Isidore
    Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) represent a threat for failure of empirical antibiotic therapy and are associated with high mortality, morbidity and expenses. The aims of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL-PE and multidrug resistant enterobacteria (MDR), enterobacteria profil, investigate the associated resistance in wastewater and salads. After wastewater and salad sampling, enterobacteria was isoled on (EMB + 4μg / L cefotaxim). The stains of Enterobacteriaceae were identified by using biochemical methods and confirmed as ESBL by double-disc synergy test (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid with cefotaxime 30 μg, ceftazidime 30 μg and ceftriaxone 30 μg). Finally, the associated resistance was investigated by testing the susceptibility of the strains by the disc diffusion method. Global prevalence of ESBL-PE was 53.92% (95% CI: 48,2-59,5) (153/293), 61.11% from wastewater and 42.47% from salads. Major ESBL-E was Escherichia coli (73.44%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.88%). Resistance to the aminoglycoside , fluroquinolonones and sulfonamides classes were dominant, observed in 53,83%, 93,86% and 98,95% of the isolates, respectively. The frequence of MDR was hight to channel1 (32,40%) and channel2 (26,26%). This study reports very worrying results. There is an urgent need to develop measures to monitor the spread of these multidrug-resistant strains.
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    DETERRENCE OF THEFT IN A SITUATION OF COMPETITION BETWEEN FORMAL AND INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS
    (L'Actualité économique, 2020-06) Yerbanga, Antoine
    The aim of this article is to highlight important factors neglected in modelling the effects of deterrent policies on thieves' activities in the real world. The methodology adopted consists of defining a world with three continuous spaces. Space in the centre has no institutions and no production. Only the other two spaces have institutions and are places for production. The study uses the Tullock contest fonction for n-players developed by Jia (2012) to identify thieves' efforts and the institutions' endowments at equilibrium. In contrast to the existing literature, our results indicate a perverse, indirect effect of institutions' deterrence strategies on thieves' activities and a negative effect of an increase in institutional deterrence on the total proportion of production stolen. This outcome therefore supports deterrence policies. Symmetric equilibrium becomes unstable when institutions have different production levels. However, we note that asymmetric equilibrium remains optimal, even in situations of differences in production across institutions. A confrontation between thieves from different areas can be a way for an institution to provide less deterrence in an asymmetric balance while guaranteeing a higher level of consumption than that under the opposing institution.
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    Diagnostic Yield of Population-Based Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease in Low-Income, Middle-Income, and High-Income Countries
    (Jama Network Open, 2021-10-04) Tonelli, Marcello; Tiv, Sophanny; Anand, Shuchi
    IMPORTANCE Population-based screening for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is sometimes recommended based on the assumption that detecting CKD is associated with beneficial changes in treatment. However, the treatment of CKD is often similar to the treatment of hypertension or diabetes, which commonly coexist with CKD. OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency with which population-based screening for CKD is associated with a change in recommended treatment compared with a strategy of measuring blood pressure and assessing glycemia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study was conducted using data obtained from studies that evaluated CKD in population-based samples from China (2007-2010), India (2010-2014), Mexico (2007-2008), Senegal (2012), and the United States (2009-2014), including a total of 126 242 adults screened for CKD. Data were analyzed from January 2020 to March 2021. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary definition of CKD was estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73m2. For individuals with CKD, the need for a treatment change was defined as not taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker or having blood pressure levels of 140/90mmHg or greater. For individuals with CKD who also had diabetes, the need for a treatment change was also defined as having hemoglobin A1c levels of 8%or greater or fasting glucose levels of 178.4mg/dL (9.9 mmol/L) or greater. Case finding was defined as testing for CKD only in adults with hypertension or diabetes.
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    Diagnostic Yield of Population-Based Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease in Low-Income, Middle-Income, and High-Income Countries
    (JAMA Network, 2021-10-04) Tonelli, Marcello; Tiv, Sophanny; Anand, Shuchi
    Importance Population-based screening for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is sometimes recommended based on the assumption that detecting CKD is associated with beneficial changes in treatment. However, the treatment of CKD is often similar to the treatment of hypertension or diabetes, which commonly coexist with CKD. Objective To determine the frequency with which population-based screening for CKD is associated with a change in recommended treatment compared with a strategy of measuring blood pressure and assessing glycemia. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study was conducted using data obtained from studies that evaluated CKD in population-based samples from China (2007-2010), India (2010-2014), Mexico (2007-2008), Senegal (2012), and the United States (2009-2014), including a total of 126 242 adults screened for CKD. Data were analyzed from January 2020 to March 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary definition of CKD was estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. For individuals with CKD, the need for a treatment change was defined as not taking an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker or having blood pressure levels of 140/90 mm Hg or greater. For individuals with CKD who also had diabetes, the need for a treatment change was also defined as having hemoglobin A1c levels of 8% or greater or fasting glucose levels of 178.4 mg/dL (9.9 mmol/L) or greater. Case finding was defined as testing for CKD only in adults with hypertension or diabetes. Results Among 126 242 adults screened for CKD, there were 47 204 patients in the China cohort, 9817 patients in the India cohort, 51 137 patients in the Mexico cohort, 2441 patients in the Senegal cohort, and 15 643 patients in the US cohort. The mean age of participants was 49.6 years (95% CI, 49.5-49.7 years) in the China cohort, 42.9 years (95% CI, 42.6-43.2 years) in the India cohort, 51.6 years (95% CI, 51.5-51.7 years) in the Mexico cohort, 48.2 years (95% CI, 47.5-48.9 years) in the Senegal cohort, and 47.3 years (95% CI, 46.6-48.0 years) in the US cohort. The proportion of women was 57.3% (95% CI, 56.9%-57.7%) in the China cohort, 53.4% (95% CI, 52.4%-54.4%) in the India cohort, 68.8% (95% CI, 68.4%-69.2%) in the Mexico cohort, 56.0% (95% CI, 54.0%-58.0%) in the Senegal cohort, and 51.9% (51.0%-52.7%) in the US cohort. The prevalence of CKD was 2.5% (95% CI, 2.4%-2.7%) in the China cohort, 2.3% (95% CI, 2.0%-2.6%) in the India cohort, 10.6% (95% CI, 10.3%-10.9%) in the Mexico cohort, 13.1% (95% CI, 11.7%-14.4%) in the Senegal cohort, and 6.8% (95% CI, 6.2%-7.5%) in the US cohort. Screening for CKD was associated with the identification of additional adults whose treatment would change (beyond those identified by measuring blood pressure and glycemia) per 1000 adults: China: 8 adults (95% CI, 8-9 adults); India: 5 adults (95% CI, 4-7 adults); Mexico: 26 adults (95% CI, 24-27 adults); Senegal: 59 adults (95% CI, 50-69 adults); and the US: 19 adults (95% CI, 16-23 adults). Case finding was associated with the identification of 46.2% (95% CI, 45.1%-47.4%) to 86.4% (95% CI, 85.4%-87.3%) of individuals with CKD depending on the country, an increase in the proportion of individuals requiring a treatment change by as much 89.6% (95% CI, 80.4%-99.3%) in the US, and a decrease in the proportion of individuals needing GFR measurements by as much as 57.8% (95% CI, 56.3%-59.3%) in the US. Conclusions and Relevance This study found that most additional individuals with CKD identified by population-based screening programs did not need a change in treatment compared with a strategy of measuring blood pressure and assessing glycemia and that case finding was more efficient than screening for early detection of CKD.