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Acute toxicity and antimalarial studies of extract of Allophylus spicatus in animals
(Toxicol Res, 2021-01-09) Adebayo, Abiodun H.; Yakubu, Omolara F.; Ishola, Temitope A
Medicinal plants produce a variety of chemical substances with varied physiological effects. They are a huge reservoir of various chemical substances with potential therapeutic properties. Allophylus spicatus is a shrub that belong to the Sapindaceae family. In this study, male albino wistar rats (18) were used for acute toxicity test. Animals were divided into six groups of three rats each. Group A served as the control group while the other groups were dosed orally with 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight of extract and were observed for 14 days. Swiss albino mice (42) were used for the antimalarial study; five groups of six infected mice per group (Groups C–G) were respectively dosed orally with 25 mg chloroquine/kg bw, 200 mg of extract/kg bw, 400 mg/kg bw of extract, 25 mg chl./kg bw+200 mg/kg bw of extract and 25 mg chl./kg bw+400 mg/kg bw extract with three groups serving as the control (Groups A–C) for three days. Acute toxicity test and histology analysis on the liver tissue confrmed the safety of the extract at concentrations less than 1000 mg/kg b/w. Antimalarial studies showed the highest activity in the group administered with 400 mg/kg+25 mg chl./kg b/w. In conclusion, A. spicatus was non-toxic at doses less than 1000 mg/kg and significantly reduced parasitemia count in P. berghei infected mice, thus validating its folkloric usage.
An Adaptive Genetic Algorithm with Recursive Feature Elimination Approach for Predicting Malaria Vector Gene Expression Data Classification using Support Vector Machine Kernels
(Walailak J Sci & Tech, 2021-07-27) Arowolo, Micheal Olaolu; Adebiyi, Marion Olubunmi; Nnodim, Chiebuka Timothy
Ameliorative effect of Ruzu herbal bitters on high-fat diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Wistar rats
(Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Researc, 2020-12-09)
Context: One of the world's most widespread and frequent liver diseases is the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Aims: To evaluate the preventives activities of Ruzu herbal bitters (RHB), which is an anti-obesity therapeutic concoction used widely in Nigeria on high–fat diet (HFD) induced NAFLD in albino Wistar rats. Methods: A total number of twenty-five rats were isolated and divided equally into five groups. Group 1, the normal control group was placed on normal rat diet and normal saline (1 mL/kg body weight daily) for twelve weeks. The remaining four groups 2-5 were placed on HFD for twelve weeks; adding to the following treatment schedules by oral gavage: group 2 received pioglitazone 4 mg/kg daily, group 3 received RHB 0.6 mL/kg daily, group 4 received normal saline 1 mL/kg daily and group 5 received fenofibrate 10 mg/kg daily (s.c). The animals were sacrificed and biochemical markers of liver function, lipid profile, glycemic index, and histopathological assessment of the liver of the rats were determined. Results: Rat treated with RHB and other treated groups significantly (p<0.05) reduced the liver index, fasting blood glucose, and activities and concentrations of liver function enzymes and molecules when compared to untreated NAFLD group. Scoring of hepatic steatosis also showed the ameliorative role of the treatment on NAFLD. Conclusions: This study reveals that RHB and other treatment options assessed could prevent HFD–induced NAFLD and could be explored as another therapeutic approach to fenofibrate and pioglitazone in NAFLD management. Contexto: Una de las enfermedades hepáticas más extendidas y frecuentes del mundo es la enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico (NAFLD). Objetivos: Evaluar las actividades preventivas de los amargos de hierbas Ruzu (RHB), que es un brebaje terapéutico contra la obesidad utilizado ampliamente en Nigeria en la NAFLD inducida por una dieta alta en grasas (HFD) en ratas Wistar albinas. Métodos: Se aisló un total de veinticinco ratas y se dividió por igual en cinco grupos. Grupo 1, el grupo de control normal recibió una dieta normal para ratas y solución salina normal (1 mL/kg de peso corporal al día) durante doce semanas. Los cuatro grupos restantes 2-5 se colocaron en HFD durante doce semanas; añadiendo a los siguientes programas de tratamiento por sonda oral: el grupo 2 recibió 4 mg/kg de pioglitazona al día, el grupo 3 recibió 0,6 mL/kg de RHB al día, el grupo 4 recibió 1 mL/kg de solución salina normal al día y el grupo 5 recibió 10 mg/kg de fenofibrato al día (s.c.). Los animales fueron sacrificados y se determinaron marcadores bioquímicos de función hepática, perfil lipídico, índice glucémico y evaluación histopatológica del hígado de las ratas. Resultados: Las ratas tratadas con RHB y otros grupos tratados redujeron significativamente (p<0,05) el índice hepático, la glucosa en sangre en ayunas y las actividades y concentraciones de las enzimas y moléculas de la función hepática en comparación con el grupo NAFLD no tratado. La puntuación de la esteatosis hepática también mostró el papel mejorador del tratamiento en NAFLD. Conclusiones: Este estudio revela que la RHB y otras opciones de tratamiento evaluadas podrían prevenir la NAFLD inducida por HFD y podrían explorarse como otro enfoque terapéutico para el fenofibrato y la pioglitazona en el manejo de la NAFLD
Ameliorative Effect of Zingiber officinale on Chemical Induced DNA Damage in Rats Using PCR Analysis
(Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 2020-09-12) Okesola, Mary Abiola; Ogunlana, Olubanke; Afolabi, Israel; Onasanya, Amos
Ginger rhizomes have been reportedly used in folk medicine for the management of various ailments. This study, therefore, investigates the ameliorative effect of the ethanolic extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes against DNA damage in rats induced with different carcinogens. Fifteen Wistar rats grouped into 3 of 5 rats per group were used for the study. The first set of blood samples was first collected before the animals were orally treated with heavy metals. After 14 days of induction, the second set of blood was collected. The third phase of blood collection was done after administering an ethanolic extract of Z. officinale for 14 days. The UV wavelength absorption spectrum and conventional PCR analysis were carried out on DNA extracts of all the animals. Cluster analysis of optical density (OD) and PCR data were carried out as well as genomic instability, similarity, and diversity using the best 3 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. The PCR –DNA concentration analysis showed the Z. officinale extract's ameliorative effect against lead acetate, cadmium chloride, and arsenic trioxide-induced DNA damage with a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in DNA concentration of the treated rats when compared with induced rats. The cluster analysis of optical density values revealed close similarity between the control animals' DNA, a slight similarity with treated animals' DNA, and a significant difference with the induced animal DNA. These results indicated the ameliorative properties of Z. officinale against these heavy metals induced DNA damage in rats
Annona senegalensis extract demonstrates anticancer properties in N-diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in male Wistar rats
(Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2020) Yakubu, Omolara F.; Metibemu, Damilohun S.; . Adelani, Isaacson B
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common and leading cancer around the globe. This study investigated the anticancer properties of extract of Annona senegalensis in N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) - induced hepatocellular carcinoma in male Wistar rats. Methods: Rats were simultaneously induced with a combination of 100 mg/kg b.wt of DEN and 0.5 mL/kg of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intraperitoneally once a week for three weeks in a row. Thereafter, animals were treated with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg b.wt of A. senegalensis extract daily for 21days. Analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was carried out to discover the phytoconstituents contained in the n-hexane extract of A. senegelensis. The levels of liver function parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities were determined via spectrophotometric analysis. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction technique was used to assess the gene expression patterns of BCL-2, P53, P21, IL-6, FNTA, VEGF, HIF, AFP, XIAP, and EGFR mRNAs. Results: Treatment of DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma Wistar rats with the extract caused significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the activities of ALT and AST. It also resulted in a reduction of the concentration of MDA and a significant increase (p < 0.05) in SOD and GSH activities. IL-6, BCL-2, VEGF, EGFR, XIAP, FNTA, and P21 mRNAs expressions were significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated after treatment. Histopathological analysis revealed that the extract improved the liver architecture. Conclusion: A. senegelensis n-hexane extract demonstrates its anticancer properties by improving the liver architecture, increasing the antioxidant defense systems, downregulating the pro-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, angiogenic, alpha-fetoprotein and farnesyl transferase mRNAs expression and hitherto up-regulate the expression of tumor suppressor (P21 and P53) mRNAs.
Anopheles metabolic proteins in malaria transmission, prevention and control: a review
(Parasites Vectors, 2020) Adedeji, Eunice Oluwatobiloba; Ogunlana, Olubanke Olujoke; Fatumo, Segun
The increasing resistance to currently available insecticides in the malaria vector, Anopheles mosquitoes, hampers their use as an effective vector control strategy for the prevention of malaria transmission. Therefore, there is need for new insecticides and/or alternative vector control strategies, the development of which relies on the identification of possible targets in Anopheles. Some known and promising targets for the prevention or control of malaria transmission exist among Anopheles metabolic proteins. This review aims to elucidate the current and potential contribution of Anopheles metabolic proteins to malaria transmission and control. Highlighted are the roles of metabolic proteins as insecticide targets, in blood digestion and immune response as well as their contribution to insecticide resistance and Plasmodium parasite development. Furthermore, strategies by which these metabolic proteins can be utilized for vector control are described. Inhibitors of Anopheles metabolic proteins that are designed based on target specificity can yield insecticides with no significant toxicity to non-target species. These metabolic modulators combined with each other or with synergists, sterilant, and transmission-blocking agents in a single product, can yield potent malaria intervention strategies. These combinations can provide multiple means of controlling the vector. Also, they can help to slow down the development of insecticide resistance. Moreover, some metabolic proteins can be modulated for mosquito population replacement or suppression strategies, which will significantly help to curb malaria transmission
Antimicrobial and Toxicity Studies on Holisa Herbal Formulation
(Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 2021-06) . Yakubu, Omolara F; Adebayo, Abiodun H.; Ezekiel-Hart, Edvyne S.
Herbal plants have been reported to play crucial role in enhancing human health. The study evaluated the antimicrobial property, acute and sub-chronic toxicological effects of Holisa herbal formulation consisting of Vernonia amygdalina, Rorippa madgasceriensis, and Securinega virosa plants using biochemical and histopathological indices. Thirty (30) male Wistar rats of five groups (A-E) of 6 animals each were used. Animals in group A were given distilled water while those in B, C, D, and E received 20, 40, 60, 100 mL/kg of body weight of the formulation for 28 days. The zone of inhibition was determined with agar well diffusion method using seven bacterial and three fungal isolates. The acute toxicity was carried out with the use of Swiss mice which were observed for 72 hours. The zone of inhibition observed on both the bacterial and fungal culture media was very minimal (6-9 mm). Significant (p<0.05) increase in body weight was observed in groups B, C, and E and a significant (p<0.05) decrease in group D when compared to the control. Alkaline phosphatase, direct bilirubin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, creatinine, and total protein were increased significantly (p<0.05), while aspartate aminotransferases, alanine aminotransferases, albumin did not show significant differences. The histopathology conducted showed that the formulation showed congestion in the blood vessels and vascular constriction on the liver and kidney tissues respectively. The results revealed that lower doses of Holisa herbal formulation may not have any adverse effect on the liver and kidney tissues but high doses elicited toxicity
Authorship patterns in cancer genomics publications across Africa
(JCO Global Onco, 2021) Rotimi, Solomon O.; Rotimi, Oluwakemi A.; Salhia, Bodour
PURPOSE Authorship is a proxy indicator of research capacity. Understanding the research capacity is imperative for developing population-specific cancer control strategies. This is particularly apropos for African nations, where mortality from cancer is projected to surpass that from infectious disease and the populations are critically under-represented in cancer and genomics studies. Here, we present an analysis and discussion of the patterns of authorship in Africa as they pertain to cancer genomics research across African countries. METHODS PubMed metadata of relevant cancer genomics peer-reviewed publications on African populations, published between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2019, were retrieved and analyzed for patterns of authorship affiliation using R packages, RISmed, and Pubmed.mineR. RESULTS The data showed that only 0.016% (n = 375) of cancer publications globally were on cancer genomics of African people. More than 50% of the first and last authors of these publications originated from the North African countries of Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt, and Algeria. South Africa (13.6% and 12.7%) and Nigeria (2.2% and 1.9%) were the Sub-Saharan African countries most represented by first and last authorship positions, respectively. The United States contributed 12.6% of first and last authored papers, and nearly 50% of all African countries had no contributing author for the publications we reviewed. CONCLUSION This study highlights and brings awareness to the paucity of cancer genomics research on African populations and by African authors and identifies a need for concerted efforts to encourage and enable more research in Africa, needed for achieving global equity in cancer outcomes.
Computational and drug target analysis of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with Haemoglobin Subunit Beta (HBB) gene
(Computers in Biology and Medicine, 2020) Soremekun, Opeyemi S.; Ezenwa, Chisom; Isewon, Itunuoluwa
There is overwhelming evidence implicating Haemoglobin Subunit Beta (HBB) protein in the onset of beta thalassaemia. In this study for the first time, we used a combined SNP informatics and computer algorithms such as Neural network, Bayesian network, and Support Vector Machine to identify deleterious non-synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (nsSNPs) present in the HBB gene. Our findings highlight three major mutation points (R31G, W38S, and Q128P) within the HBB gene sequence that have significant statistical and computational associations with the onset of beta thalassaemia. The dynamic simulation study revealed that R31G, W38S, and Q128P elicited high structural perturbation and instability, however, the wild type protein was considerably stable. Ten compounds with therapeutic potential against HBB were also predicted by structure-based virtual screening. Interestingly, the instability caused by the mutations was reversed upon binding to a ligand. This study has been able to predict potential deleterious mutants that can be further explored in the understanding of the pathological basis of beta thalassaemia and the design of tailored inhibitors.
Cytotoxic Assessment of Xylopia aethiopica [Dun.] A. on Human Prostate and Breast Cancer Cell Lines
(Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 2021-01-02) Iweala, Emeka E. J.; Bankole, Eunice O.; Iheagwam, Franklyn N.
Cancer is associated with the unregulated multiplication of cells in specific parts of the body. Plant-derived products are employed in the treatment and management of such malignant tumours. Prostate and breast cancers are the most common forms affecting Nigerians. Our aim is to investigate the cytotoxic effect of Xylopia aethiopica, a commonly consumed spice in Nigeria, on selected cancer cell lines. The antiproliferative activity of X. aethiopica ethanol extract of varying concentrations was assessed on MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and LNCaP using MTT assay. A dose-dependent antiproliferative activity was observed. The IC50 for X. aethiopica on the cell lines were ≤ 4.506 ± 0.07 µg/mL except for MCF-7 at 72 hours, where 18.86 ± 0.20 µg/mL was recorded. The findings from this study indicate the potential antiproliferative and cytotoxic property of X. aethiopica on human prostate and breast cancer cell lines
Early Life Exposure to Aflatoxin B1 in Rats: Alterations in Lipids, Hormones, and DNA Methylation among the Offspring
(g. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2021-01-12) Rotimi, Oluwakemi A.; Onuzulu, Chinonye D.; . Dewald, Alisa L
Abstract: Aflatoxins are toxic compounds produced by molds of the Aspergillus species that contaminate food primarily in tropical countries. The most toxic aflatoxin, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in these countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, aflatoxin contamination is common, and perinatal AFB1 exposure has been linked to the early onset of HCC. Epigenetic programming, including changes to DNA methylation, is one mechanism by which early life exposures can lead to adult disease. This study aims to elucidate whether perinatal AFB1 exposure alters markers of offspring health including weight, lipid, and hormone profiles as well as epigenetic regulation that may later influence cancer risk. Pregnant rats were exposed to two doses of AFB1 (low 0.5 and high 5 mg/kg) before conception, throughout pregnancy, and while weaning and compared to an unexposed group. Offspring from each group were followed to 3 weeks or 3 months of age, and their blood and liver samples were collected. Body weights and lipids were assessed at 3 weeks and 3 months while reproductive, gonadotropic, and thyroid hormones were assessed at 3 months. Prenatal AFB1 (high dose) exposure resulted in significant 16.3%, 31.6%, and 7.5% decreases in weight of the offspring at birth, 3 weeks, and 3 months, respectively. Both doses of exposure altered lipid and hormone profiles. Pyrosequencing was used to quantify percent DNA methylation at tumor suppressor gene Tp53 and growth-regulator H19 in DNA from liver and blood. Results were compared between the control and AFB1 exposure groups in 3-week liver samples and 3-week and 3-month blood samples. Relative to controls, Tp53 DNA methylation in both low- and high-dose exposed rats was significantly decreased in liver samples and increased in the blood (p < 0.05 in linear mixed models). H19 methylation was higher in the liver from low- and high-exposed rats and decreased in 3-month blood samples from the high exposure group (p < 0.05). Further research is warranted to determine whether such hormone, lipid, and epigenetic alterations from AFB1 exposure early in life play a role in the development of early-onset HCC
An Efficient PCA Ensemble Learning Approach for Prediction of RNA-Seq Malaria Vector Gene Expression Data Classification
(International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 2020) Arowolo, Micheal Olaolu; Adebiyi, Marion O.; Adebiy, Ayodele A.
Malaria parasites adopt outstanding variation of life phases as they evolve through manifold mosquito vector atmospheres. Transcriptomes of thousands of individual parasites exists. Ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) is a widespread method for gene expression which has resulted into improved understandings of genetical queries. RNA-seq compute transcripts of gene expressions. RNA-seq data necessitates analytical improvements of machine learning techniques. Several learning approached have been proposed by researchers for analysing biological data. In this study, PCA feature extraction algorithm is used to fetch latent components out of a high dimensional malaria vector RNA-seq dataset, and evaluates it classification performance using an Ensemble classification algorithm. The effectiveness of this experiment is validated on aa mosquito anopheles gambiae RNA-Seq dataset. The experiment result achieved a relevant performance metrics with a classification accuracy of 93.3%.
Essential gene prediction in Drosophila melanogaster using machine learning approaches based on sequence and functional features
(Computational and Structural Biotechnology, 2020-03-10) Aromolaran, Olufemi; Beder, Thomas; Marcus Oswald
Genes are termed to be essential if their loss of function compromises viability or results in profound loss of fitness. On the genome scale, these genes can be determined experimentally employing RNAi or knockout screens, but this is very resource intensive. Computational methods for essential gene prediction can overcome this drawback, particularly when intrinsic (e.g. from the protein sequence) as well as extrinsic features (e.g. from transcription profiles) are considered. In this work, we employed machine learning to predict essential genes in Drosophila melanogaster. A total of 27,340 features were generated based on a large variety of different aspects comprising nucleotide and protein sequences, gene networks, proteinprotein interactions, evolutionary conservation and functional annotations. Employing cross-validation, we obtained an excellent prediction performance. The best model achieved in D. melanogaster a ROCAUC of 0.90, a PR-AUC of 0.30 and a F1 score of 0.34. Our approach considerably outperformed a benchmark method in which only features derived from the protein sequences were used (P < 0.001). Investigating which features contributed to this success, we found all categories of features, most prominently network topological, functional and sequence-based features. To evaluate our approach we performed the same workflow for essential gene prediction in human and achieved an ROC-AUC = 0.97, PR-AUC = 0.73, and F1 = 0.64
Evolution of artificial intelligence languages – a systematic literature review
(arXiv, 2020) Adetiba, Emmanuel; John, Temitope M.; Akinrinmad, Adekunle A.
The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has undoubtedly received significant attention in recent years. AI is being adopted to provide solutions to problems in fields such as medicine, engineering, education, government and several other domains. In order to analyze the state of the art of research in the field of AI, we present a systematic literature review focusing on the Evolution of AI programming languages. We followed the systematic literature review method by searching relevant databases like SCOPUS, IEEE Xplore and Google Scholar. EndNote reference manager was used to catalog the relevant extracted papers. Our search returned a total of 6565 documents, whereof 69 studies were retained. Of the 69 retained studies, 15 documents discussed LISP programming language, another 34 discussed PROLOG programming language, the remaining 20 documents were spread between Logic and Object Oriented Programming (LOOP), ARCHLOG, Epistemic Ontology Language with Constraints (EOLC), Python, C++, ADA and JAVA programming languages. This review provides information on the year of implementation, development team, capabilities, limitations and applications of each of the AI programming languages discussed. The information in this review could guide practitioners and researchers in AI to make the right choice of languages to implement their novel AI methods
Experimentations with OpenStack System Logs and Support Vector Machine for an Anomaly Detection Model in a Private Cloud Infrastructure
(2020 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Computing and Data Communication Systems, icABCD 2020, 2020) Akanle, Matthew; Adetiba, Emmanuel; Victor Akande
Anomaly detection is a crucial aspect of cloud computing that is becoming increasingly challenging. This is because a huge amount of system logs is usually generated in both private and public cloud infrastructure, thereby complicating manual inspection by System Administrators. In order to address this challenge, an experimental investigation was carried out in this study towards the development of an anomaly detection model for OpenStack private cloud infrastructure. Firstly, OpenStack system logs were curated from the Loghub corpus as experimental dataset for the study. The logs were parsed using Iterative Partitioning Log Mining (IPLoM) algorithm to produce structured event log templates. Discriminative numerical features were extracted from the event log templates using Term Frequency Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) algorithm. Thereafter, Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier with varying kernels was trained to evolve an acceptable classifier experimentally. The SVM classifier with linear and RBF kernels outperformed other kernels with acceptable accuracy, precision, recall and Fmeasure.
A genetic algorithm approach for predicting ribonucleic acid sequencing data classification using KNN and decision tree
(TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control, 2020-09-24) Arowolo, Micheal Olaolu; Adebiyi, Marion Olubunmi; Adebiyi, Ayodele Ariyo
Malaria larvae accept explosive variable lifecycle as they spread across numerous mosquito vector stratosphere. Transcriptomes arise in thousands of diverse parasites. Ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) is a prevalent gene expression that has led to enhanced understanding of genetic queries. RNAseq tests transcript of gene expression, and provides methodological enhancements to machine learning procedures. Researchers have proposed several methods in evaluating and learning biological data. Genetic algorithm (GA) as a feature selection process is used in this study to fetch relevant information from the RNA-Seq Mosquito Anopheles gambiae malaria vector dataset, and evaluates the results using kth nearest neighbor (KNN) and decision tree classification algorithms. The experimental results obtained a classification accuracy of 88.3 and 98.3 percents respectively
A genetic algorithm for prediction of RNA-seq malaria vector gene expression data classification using SVM kernels
(Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 2021-02-14) Adebiyi, Marion, O.; Arowolo, Micheal, O.; Olugbara, Oludayo
Malaria larvae embrace unpredictable variable life periods as they spread across many stratospheres of the mosquito vectors. There are transcriptomes of a thousand distinct species. Ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) is a ubiquitous gene expression strategy that contributes to the improvement of genetic survey recognition. RNA-seq measures gene expression transcripts data, including methodological enhancements to machine learning procedures. Scientists have suggested many addressed learning for the study of biological evidence. An enhanced optimized Genetic Algorithm feature selection technique is used in this analysis to obtain relevant information from a highdimensional Anopheles gambiae dataset and test its classification using SVMKernel algorithms. The efficacy of this assay is tested, and the outcome of the experiment obtained an accuracy metric of 93% and 96% respectively.
Hodgkin Lymphoma in Nigeria: Prevalence, Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Diagnosis
(Annals of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, 2021-11-02) Opara, S.C.; Dokunmu, T.M.
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is an uncommon neoplasm where tumor stems from a certain kind of leukocytes known as B-cell. This lymphoid malignancy involves outlying lymph gland which may extend to tissues. Research estimates 40% of patients are diagnosed from constitutive signs while early detection is a challenge. The Hodgkin Reed-Stenberg cells is established as the hallmark of Hodgkin lymphoma but multiple underlying mechanisms are involved. Hodgkin lymphoma spreads across different regions with limitations of effective control, hence there is a need to fully understand its tumorigenesis and diagnosis. We reviewed the multiphase deregulated signalling pathways and several interactions amongst cells, these characteristics can proffer new breakthrough to target therapeutics either through direct inhibition of affected signalling pathways or Hodgkin Reed-Stenberg cells associated with diverse cellular infiltrates within the lymph cell. HL incidence in Nigeria is similar to the incidence in other regions but there is a higher death rate in Nigeria. Nigeria bears the second highest burden of HIV globally which contributes to incidence of HL. Also, Epstein-Barr virus increases the risk of the disease, which is also prevalent in Nigeria. Lymphomas are associated with higher cancer-related deaths especially in HIV-infected persons with 2.5times lower 2-year survival chance compared to HIV-uninfected persons and late stage of lymphoma was also a contributing factor to the survival outcomes. Hence, to reduce the burden of the disease, an understanding of the aetiology, epidemiology, and biochemical mechanisms of the lymphoma is needed which are herein reviewed.
The Human Microbiome and Its Impacts on Health
(International Journal of Microbiology, 2020-06-12) Ogunrinola, Grace A.; Oyewale, John O.; Oshamika, Oyewumi O.
The human microbiome comprises bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotes which reside within and outside our bodies. (ese organisms impact human physiology, both in health and in disease, contributing to the enhancement or impairment of metabolic and immune functions. Micro-organisms colonise various sites on and in the human body, where they adapt to specific features of each niche. Facultative anaerobes are more dominant in the gastrointestinal tract, whereas strict aerobes inhabit the respiratory tract, nasal cavity, and skin surface. (e indigenous organisms in the human body are well adapted to the immune system, due to the biological interaction of the organisms with the immune system over time. An alteration in the intestinal microbial community plays a major role in human health and disease pathogenesis. (ese alterations result from lifestyle and the presence of an underlying disease. Dysbiosis increases host susceptibility to infection, and the nature of which depends on the anatomical site involved. (e unique diversity of the human microbiota accounts for the specific metabolic activities and functions of these micro organisms within each body site. It is therefore important to understand the microbial composition and activities of the human microbiome as they contribute to health and disease
The Human Microbiome and Its Impacts on Health
(International Journal of Microbiology, 2020-06-12) Ogunrinol, Grace A.; Oyewale, John O.; Oshamika, Oyewumi O.
(e human microbiome comprises bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotes which reside within and outside our bodies. (ese organisms impact human physiology, both in health and in disease, contributing to the enhancement or impairment of metabolic and immune functions. Micro-organisms colonise various sites on and in the human body, where they adapt to specific features of each niche. Facultative anaerobes are more dominant in the gastrointestinal tract, whereas strict aerobes inhabit the respiratory tract, nasal cavity, and skin surface. (e indigenous organisms in the human body are well adapted to the immune system, due to the biological interaction of the organisms with the immune system over time. An alteration in the intestinal microbial community plays a major role in human health and disease pathogenesis. (ese alterations result from lifestyle and the presence of an underlying disease. Dysbiosis increases host susceptibility to infection, and the nature of which depends on the anatomical site involved. (e unique diversity of the human microbiota accounts for the specific metabolic activities and functions of these microorganisms within each body site. It is therefore important to understand the microbial composition and activities of the human microbiome as they contribute to health and disease.

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